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Name of Ukraine
The name "Ukraine" ((ウクライナ語:Україна) ''Ukrayina'' (:ukrɑˈjinɑ)) has been used in a variety of ways since the twelfth century. Today, it is the official name of Ukraine, the country in Eastern Europe. Prior to Ukraine's independence from the USSR, the country was generally called "the Ukraine" (with the definite article appended before the name) in English, but this usage is on the wane〔(usage of article )〕 and officially deprecated by the Ukrainian government and many English language media publications.〔(Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? ), BBC News (7 June 2012)〕〔(Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now ), Business Insider (9 December 2013)〕〔
== History ==
The oldest mention of the word ''ukraina ''dates back to the year 1187. In connection with the death of the Vladimir Glebovich, the ruler of Principality of Pereyaslavl which was Kiev's southern shield against the Wild Fields, the Hypatian Codex says “ukraina groaned for him”, (''o nem že ukraina mnogo postona'').〔''PSRL '', published online at ''Izbornyk'', (1187 ).〕 In the following decades and centuries this term was applied to fortified borderlands of different principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: Halych-Volhynia, Pskov, Ryazan etc.〔Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.〕〔(Е. С. Острась. ЗВІДКИ ПІШЛА НАЗВА УКРАЇНА //ВІСНИК ДОНЕЦЬКОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ, СЕР. Б: ГУМАНІТАРНІ НАУКИ, ВИП.1, 2008 )〕〔Гайда Ф. А. (От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова «украинцы» ) // Родина. 2011. № 1, доступ к тексту: ()〕
As Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary tells, after the South-Western Rus' was subordinated to the Polish Crown in 1569, a particular part of its territory from eastern Podolia to Zaporozhie got the unofficial name Ukraina due to its border function to the nomadic Tatar world in the south.〔Украина // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.〕 The Polish chronicler Samuel Grądzki who wrote about the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1660 explained the word Ukraina as the land located at the edge of the Polish kingdom.〔()«Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita».〕 Thus, in the course of the 16th-18th centuries Ukraine became a concrete regional name among other historic regions such as Podolia, Severia, or Volhynia. It was used for the middle Dnieper territory controlled by the Cossacks.〔〔 The people of Ukraina were called Ukrainians (''українці, українники'').〔Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. — С. 278.〕 Later, the term Ukraine was used for the Hetmanate lands on both sides of the Dnieper although it didn't become the official name of the state.〔
From the 18th century on, the term Ukraine becomes equally well known in the Russian Empire as the official and colonial term Little Russia.〔 With the growth of national self-consciosness the significance of the term rose and it was perceived not only as a geographic but also as an ethnic name. In the 1830s, Nikolay Kostomarov and his Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kiev started to use the name ''Ukrainians''. Their work was suppressed by Russian authorities, and associates including Taras Shevchenko were sent into internal exile, but the idea gained acceptance. It was also taken up by Volodymyr Antonovych and the ''Khlopomany'' ('peasant-lovers'), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the 'Ukrainophiles' in Galicia, including Ivan Franko. The evolution of the meaning became particularly obvious at the end of the 19th century.〔 The term is also mentioned by the Russian scientist and traveler Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888). At the turn of the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions〔 In the course of the political struggle between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identitites, it challenged the traditional term Little Russia ("Малороссия") and ultimately defeated it in the 1920s during the Bolshevik policy of Korenization and Ukrainization.〔Миллер А. И. (Дуализм идентичностей на Украине ) // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96〕〔Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001〕
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